myuniversitynotes

History   (1)Malacca's prominance and early european contacts.   (2)Rule of sultan and johar.   (3)Founding of modern Singapore.   (4)Second world war and singapore. Independence (Types of observation) (1)Strucutred and unstructured (2)Natural and laboratory. (3)Open and hidden. (4)Direct and indirect. (5)Covert and overt observation.

Objectives :-) Explain what money is Know the functions of money state the various forms of money Understand different instruments of present day banking. Explain how banks create credit. Explain the components of money supply Explain how money supply affects the economy. Know the need for regulating money supply. Explain how the Reserve Bank Of India regulates money supply. What you have learnt Money is wanted because it gives power to purchase goods and services. Money is anything that is acceptable to all as a medium of exchange, as a standard for deferred payments and as a store of value. Money can be in various forms such as notes and coins, bank cheques, demand drafts, pay orders, bill-of-exchange or electronic cash. Banks create credit by converting deposits into loans. They do this on the principle that not all the people will need all the money at the same time. They maintain some amount of deposits as reservce...

Explain the concept of nation and nationality. Make a distinction between nation and nationality. Describe the elements of nationality. Identify the state as a political entity with sovereign power. Explain elements of the state. Question Define the following terms. (1)Nation (2)State  (3)Government Name the elements which help the formation of nationality and explain any two of them? What is the State? Briefly explain the elements of the State.

The resolution on the new world information and communication order,       Elimination of the imbalances in information flow.       Elimination of negative effects of monopolies.       Removal of internal and external obstacles to free and wider flow of information.       Freedom and responsibilities of journalists.       Improving the capacity of developing countries to improve their own infrastructures. The NWICO(New world information and communication order) Instinctive Behaviour -Unlearned patterned behaviour characteristic of a particular species. Interpersonal communication-Direct interaction between communicators on a one to one basis or                          in small groups. Learned Reflex-Learned or acquired response to a stimulus that normally did not produce the   response originally. Object permanence - The und...

              (Meaning of personnel administration)         (1)Personnel administration is that part of administration which is concerned with people at work. (2)It deals with the relationship of people within an organisation. (3)It deals with all aspects of administration of personnel from recruitment  to retirement. (4)It involves personnel planning and forecasting. (5)It relates to the functions of policy formulation, policy implementation, social change, modernisation, administrative reforms and public relations. (6)It aims at optimum utilisation of human resources. (7)It is also called  'personnel management' labour relations' manpower management.              (The Nature of personnel administration) (1)The changes in the socio-economic environment has its effect on personnel   administration. (2)It is also affected by political environment. (3)There h...

Recall the method of appointment of the Governer Explain the qualifications, tenure and privileges of the Governer. Describe the powers of the Governer including his discretionary powers. Assess the role and position of the Governer. Recall the election/appointment of the Chieft Minister. Describe the appointment of the Council of Minister's and how it is formed. Explain the powers and functions of the Chief Minister and the Council of Ministers. Analyse the relation between the Governer and the Council of Ministers at the State leve. Questions How is Governer appointed? What powers are exercised by the Governer? Does the Governer have any discretionary powers? Mention his/her discretionary powers? What is the position and role of the Governer? How is the Council of Ministers formed in a state? Describe the functions of the Chief Minister? Explain the relationship of the Governer with the Chief Minister?

Identify different ways in which United Nations strives for international peace and security. Recall the efforts of the United Nations to mediate between countries so that their problem are peacefully settled. Identify the impact of Cold War in the functioning of the United Nations in regard to peace and security. Recognise importance of peacekeeping activities of the United Nations. Explain the sanctions imposed by the United Nations as punishment against peace violating country. Explain the significance of disarmament efforts of the United Nations. Questions     What are the four main aspects of the United Nations activities which have made our world peaceful?     Discuss few of the examples of the United Nations mediation.     What are the different types of non-military sanctions which are imposed by the United Nations?       Why does the United Nations not have its own military force to carry ou...

Recall major initiatives of the United Nations for socio-economic development of developing countries Identify the network of UN agencies and bodies for development. Recall the activities of various socio-economic development agencies. Questions.    Discuss the purposes and principles of UN charter.    Compare and contrast the composition and fuctions of the General Assembly and the security council.    Discuss the importance of the UN role in the decolonisation effort.    Explain the need for restructuring the security Council.

Comprehend the meaning of universal adult franchise. Explain the significance of universal adult franchise. Recall that the minimum age for the right to vote differs from country to country. Recall that in India minimum  voting age is 18 years. Identify the various methods of representation. Questions Explain the meaning and significance of Universal Adult franchise. What is simple majority system? explain. Describe the system of proportional representation. What are the two methods of ensuring proportonal representation? Explain the methods of securing minority representation other than the proportional representation.

(Developmental functions and the growingrole of specialists in the public services) (1)The government has assumed the larger responsibility of achieving security and well being of the    citizens, for this purpose, skills and expertise of public services is needed. (2)Public services bridges the gap between the formulation and implementation of the policies. (3)Civil services is responsible for establishing and strenghtening the conditions required for    economic development, maintenance of law and order, development of infrastructure facilities etc. (4)Civil services is responsible for modifying the resource structure of the country. (5)Increasing development functions and aspirations of the people calls for new specialism, new    techniques, new methods in public administration. (6)Number of specialists in administration is constantly increasing.                   ...

     (Meaning of Public services)   (1)Public services are the services constituted by the government.   (2)It's entrusted with the task of implementing the plans of the government.   (3)Public services include the civil servants and the employees working in public sector       undertakings Quasi-governmental organisations and nationalised banks.    (4)Public services is a professional body of experts.    (5)Expertise, vitality and leadership are some of the important features of public services.          (Relation between government and public service) (1)Public services is an important arm of the government. (2)Dichotomy between policy formulation and implementation can never be strictly maintained    in practise. (3)Public services are also involved in policy formulation and government also doesn't restrain    from policy implement...

Distinguish between the nominal and real executive in a parliamentary democracy. Recall that India is a republic with an elected head of state. Describe the qualifications and method of election of the President of India. Explain the executive, legislative, financial and judicial powers of the President. Explain the position of the President. Describe the role of the Vice-president in the Indian political system. Describe how the Prime Minister is appointed and how his/her Council of Ministers is constituted. Explain the powers and functions of the Prime Minister and his/her Council of Ministers. Analyse the meaning and implications of the individual and collective responsibility. Question who is the supreme commander of India's armed forces? On whose recommendations the members of the Council of Ministers are appointed? What is the procedure of removal of the President known as? How many members of the Rajya Sabha are nominated by...

Recognise that India has a single integrated and unified judicial system. Describe the composition and organisation of the Supreme Court of India. Explain the powers and jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of India. Appreciate the role of the Supreme Court of India as guardian of the Constitution and protector of Fundamental Rights Recall that public interest litigation plays an important role in the protection of our rights. Questions What is judicial review? What does PIL mean? What power of the Supreme Court ensures protection of fundamental rights of people.? Describe the composition of the Supreme Court? How can a judge of the Supreme Court be removed from office. Explain the original and appellate jurisdictions of the Supreme Court. 'Supreme Court is the guardian of Indian Constitution and a protector of Fundamental Rights. Explain. Explain the importance of PIL in our day-to-day life.

Describe the composition of Vidhan Sabha and Vidhan parishad. Recall qualifications of the Members of Legislature. Explain powers and functions of State legislature. Examine relationship between both the houses Highlight that Vidhan Sabha is more powerful than Vidhan parishad. Questions Describe the composition of Vidhan Sabha Describe the powers and functions of the state legislature Mention the limitations of the powers of the state legislature.

(Social Change) Concept and meaning of Social Change. Approaches to understanding social change. Factors of social change. Rate of social change. Impact of social change. Social change and the future.     (The Indian Constitution) The Indian Constitution : Historical Background Constituent Assembly and drafting of the constitution.    (1)Composition  (2)A critique The preamble Basic features of the constitution. Amendment to the constituion Review of the constitution.    (Democratic processes) Democracy : Concept & meaning        (1)Historical Background        (2)Various Prespectives.        (3)Defining democracy.        (4)State institutions and non state actors. State institutions and democractic process.       (1)Structure of the government.       (2)Local self governing institu...

Recognize the significance of the Constitution as the fundamental law of the land. Describe the composition of the Constituent Assembly and the role of the Drafting Committee and the   objectives of the Constituent Assembly. Describe the Preamble to the Constitution and its relevance. Identify the basic principles of Preamble and their reflection in the constitutional provisions. Identify the main features of the Constitution of India. Distinguish between a written and an unwritten , as well as a rigid and a flexible constitution. Analyse the nature of the Indian Constitution. Establish the importance of Fundamental rights, Fundamental duties and Directive Principles of State Policy. Recognise the special features that disntinguish the Indian Constitution from other Constitutions of the world. Questions What is the importance of the Preamble of the Constitution? Explain the meaning and relevance of Secularism in Indian Context. ...

Explain the meaning of the term 'bureaucracy' Recognise the role and importance of bureaucracy in development. Analyse the relations between the political and administrative wings of development. Identify the causes of strees in bureacracy and sources of confrontation between them. Recall the recommendations of the Administrative Reform Commission. Understand what is meant by politicization of bureaucracy and reflect upon the present scenario. Questions              Define Bureaucracy              Explain the role of bureaucracy in development              What are the major characterustics of Weber's model of Bureaucracy?              Explain the principle of politics-administration dichotomy?              Enumerate the factors responsible for the break down of the concept of...

Trace the origins of the United Nations(UN) Identify its objectives and basic principles Describe the composition and functions of the principal organs of UN. Recall its contributions in the fight against evil practices like apartheid, colonialism and   promotion of human rights. Emphasize the need for restructuring the Security Council to make it more representative. Explain that the United Nations is only hope for a peaceful and better world. Questions              (1)Discuss the purposes and principles of the UN charter              (2)Compare and contrast the composition and functions of the General assembly and the               security council.              (3)Discuss the importance of the UN role in the decolonisation effort?                    ...

Recall that the President of India consists of the President and the two Houses. Describe the composition of the Rajya Sabha and the Lok Sabha. Explain the functions of Indian Parliament. Describe the procedure of law-making in the Indian Parliament. Compare the functions and powers of both the Houses and show that Lok Sabha is more powerful. Questions What can be the maximum strength of Rajya Sabha? How many members the President nominates in Rajya Sabha? Who can vote to elect the members of Rajya Sabha? What is the tenure of a member of Rajya Sabha? What is the minimum age for becoming a member of Rajya Sabha? Who is the ex-officio Chairman of Rajya Sabha? What is the maximum permissible membership of Lok Sabha? Which state sends the maximum number of members of Lok Sabha? How many Anglo-Indian members may be nominated by the President in Lok Sabha? For which section of the society seats are reserved in Lok Sabha? Who c...

Recognise the importance of political parties Identify the different types of party system Recall the features of Indian party-system. Distinguish between national and regional parties. Describe the ideals and objectives of major national parties. Appreciate the role of these national parties in sustaining India's democratic system. Question Describe the essential features of a political party. Discuss about the major National Political Parties of India. ReplyReply AllForwardEdit as new

Objective :) Define national income. Look at national income from three different angles. Explain the classification of production unit located in the economic territory of a country into different industrial sectors. Explain the meaning of the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors. Explain the production method of measuring  national income. Explain the precautions to be taken while measuring national income by production method. Explain the income distribution method of measuring national income. Explain the precautions to be taken while measuring national income by income distribution method. Explain the final expenditure method of measuring national income. Explain the precautions to be taken while measuring national income by final expenditure method. Show that all the three methods of measuring nationa income lead to the same result. Points to remember :) The main steps involved in the measurement of national income thr...

Analyse the factors responsible for the growth of regionalism. Determine the factors instrumental for the growth of regional parties. Create awareness about the role of regional parties. Distinguish a regional party from a national party. Questions Explain the meaning of regionalism? why is it dangerous? Discuss the different forms of regionalism Discuss the role of regional parties.

Explain the meaning and characteristics of public opinion Recognise the significance and role of public opinion. Learn about various agencies that contribute to the formation of public opinion. Identify the hinderances to the formation of healthy public opinion. Appreciate the significance of pressure groups in India. Differentiate between a pressure group and a political party Evaluate public opinion and pressure groups with special reference to India. Questions Define public opinion Examine the role of public opinion in the democratic system of India. Describe the various agencies of public opinion Analyse the hinderances in the formation of sound public opinion. On what basis do we classify the pressure groups in India? Discuss the role of pressure groups. Evaluate the methods adopted by the pressure groups in India. Types of pressure groups (1) Professional pressure groups (2) Socio-cultural pressure groups (3) ...

Recognise the importance of redressal of public grievances in a democracy. Identify and explain various instruments of redressal of public grievances. Explain the role of Lokpal and lokayukta Understand the role and working of Central Vigilance Commission.

  Personnel management is concerned with the development of policies governing (1)Manpower planning, recruitment, selection, placement & termination. (2)Education and training, career development. (3)Terms of employment, methods and standards of remuneration. (4)Working conditions and employees' services. (5)Formal and informal communications and consultation both through the   representatives of employers and employees and at all levels throughtout  the organisation. (6)Negotiation and application of agreements on wages and working conditions,    procedures for the avoidance and settlement of disputes.    (Personnel administration aims at) (1)Effective utilisation of human resources. (2)Desirable working relations among all members of the organisation. (3)Maximum development. (4)Meeting the organisation's social and legal responsibilities.     (According to michael j jucius, PM should aim at) (1)Attaining eco...

Explain the meaning of political science in the light of some standard definitions. Distinguish between political science and politics. Describe the scope of Political Science in terms of role of the Statem functions of government and  its relationship with citizens. Recognise the relevance of Justice for citizens and state. Questions- Explain the meaning of Political Science. Write a note on the growth of the Discipline of Political Science. Describe the scope of Political Science in terms of role of the state and functions of government. Distinguish between Political Science and Politics. Write a note on the rights and duties of an individual. Define Liberty in their negative and positive dimensions. What do you mean by Equality of Opportunity. Explain the term justice and bring out the different conceptions of it.

Explain the meaning of liberalism and its features. Identify the basic tenets of Marxism. Describe the theory of dialectical materialism, historical materialism, theory of surplus value, theory of class struggle, revolution, dictatorship of proletariat, and the classless society. Know contribution of Lenin and Mao to marxism. Analyse the relevance of Marxism. Explain Gandhi's views on state, decentralization, democracy, swadeshi, trusteeship, cottage/small scale industries. Describe the significance of purity of means to achieve ends. Highlight Gandhi's emphasis on Swaraj, Satyagraha, non-violence. Explain Gandhi's steadfast opposition to discrimination based on race and his life-long efforts for the uplifement of Harijans/Dalits. Questions What is meant by liberalism? What do you mean by 'withering away' of the state? Discuss dialectical materialism as feature of Marxism. Is marxism relevant today?explain. ...

Objectives :-) Know the state of the Indian economy at the time of independence. Explain the meaning of economic planning. Indicate why economic planning is better than free market. Discuss the major objectives of economic planning in India. Outline the role of the Planning Commission in India. What you have learnt :-) At the time of independence, the Indian economy was not only marked by low income levels but also a considerable degree of inequality. Excessive dependence on agriculture, backward technology, low productivity and traditional attitudes made the economic situation extremely difficult. There was an urgent need for economic development. Economic growth only would not be sufficient as the levels of living of the poor had to be raised. Free market system could not have guaranteed the desired rate of economic growth along with reduction in inequalities. So there was a need for planning in order to best utilize the resources fo...

Appreciate that the local government has an important role to play both in the rural as well as urban areas. Describe the salient features of the 73rd and 74th amendments of the constitution. Describe the organisation and functions of the local bodies(Urban and local). Identify the financial resources of local bodies. Explain the functions of local bodies. Evaluate the performance of Panchayati Raj institutions as instruments of democratic decentralisation. Questions What is urban local government What were the major reforms introduced by the 74th Constitutional amendment? Identify the major functions of urban local bodies. Mention the important sources of income of Urban Local Bodies. Describe briefly the three tier structure of Panchayati Raj. Briefly discuss the salient features of the 73rd Amendment of the Constitution of India. Analyse the recommendations of the Balwant Rai Mehta Committee. Evaluate the functioning of panchayt...

Recognise US support for India's struggle for independence. Identify problems in Indo-US relations during the Cold war period. Analyse Indo-US relations in the light of contemporary issues. Explain the strong ties between India and the erstwhile Soviet Union in political and economic fields. Identify the areas of cooperation between India and Russia. questions write a note on the Indo-US political relations during the Cold war. Describe the Indo-US relations with regard to the nuclear issues. Analyse the Indo-US relations with regard to terrorism. Write a note on Indo-US economic relations. Hightlight the major achievements of Indo-USSR relations during the Cold war. Analyse the Indo-Russian relations in the post cold war phase. ReplyReply AllForwardEdit as new

Identify the basic principles of India's foreign policy. Explain the meaning and significance of non-alignment. Analyse the relevance of non-alignment in the post cold war period. Explain the major concerns in India's foregin policy in the post cold war period. Recognise India's contribution to UN efforts for peace and disarmament. Explain India's participation in UN peace keeping and its claim for a permanent seat in the  security council. Questions Discuss the basic tenets of India's foreign policy. Discuss the relevance of the policy of non-alignment. How far are india's claim for a permanent seat inn the security council justified? What are the challenges that confront India after the end of cold war and disintegration of Soviet Union? Write short notes onn Panchsheel agreement India's contribution to UN efforts for disarmament. India's participation in UN peacekeeping.

Recall the nature of federalism Explain why India adopted a federal set up Recognise the federal features of the Indian Constitution. Recall the unitary features  of the Indian federation. Justify the reason for a strong centre. List the process of central government and those of the governments of the states. Analyse that India is federal in character and unitary in spirit. Recognise the legislative, administrative and the financial relation between the centre and the units. Examine how the central government has an edge over the state governments. Recognise demand for autonomy by various state governments. Assess the recommendation of the Sarkaria Commission and the need for co-operation between the Centre and the states. Questions Discuss the unitary feature of the Constitution of India. Write a short note on the legislative relations Describe the financial relations between the center and states. Explain that the Indi...

Objectives Identify the main characteristics of the Indian Economy. Learn why the Indian economy is typically a developing economy. Points to Remember :-) Indian economy is a developing economy. It has low level of income. It has the problem of unequal distribution of income. There is large amount of unemployment in the Indian economy. India has a large proportion of dependent population. The participation of women is much less as compared to the participation of men in the work force. The majority of India's workforce(about 60%) is engaged in agriculture. The contribution of agriculture in national income is only about 30%. There is low productivity in agricultural sector due to the lack of infrastructure and training of human resources. The large reserves of Inia's natural resources can't be utilised fully due to the lack of capital. India's human resource hesitate in adopting new scientific techniques of pr...

Identify the major sources of friction in Sino-Indian bilateral relations: Identify the various initiatives for resolving the border disputes with China. Analyse Indo-Pak bilateral relations in the historical perspective of Kashmir Problem. Identify the nuclear rivalry between India and Pakistan. Trace historical, cultural and ethnic ties between India and Sri Lanka Explain the growth of Tamil Separatist Movement and its impact on Indo-Sri-Lankan relations. Question When did Sri Lanka gain her indepence Name the two categories of Tamil-speaking people in Sri-Lanka. Regarding which island did India surrender her claims to Sri Lanka in 1974?  In what year did India send IPKF to Sri Lanka? Discuss the cause of 1962 war between India and China? Explain normalisation of the relations between India and China since the 1990s. Kashmir is the root causeof all problems between India and Pakistan. Do you agree? Trace the causes of the separatist problem ...

Explain the basic concept of human rights. Classify the main categories of human rights. Recall the major landmarks in the development of human rights. Trace the evolution of human rights in India. Recognise the role of non-governmental organisations in the promotion and protection of human rights. Questions How can we classify human rights. What are the six basic features of human rights Discuss the significance of humman rights in the constitution of India. Write short notes on Universalisation of Human Rights. Role of the National Human Rights Commission in India. Role of Non-governmental organisations in the promotin and protection of human rights.

(1)What is futures and options segment? (2)What are the criteria for inclusion of securities in F&O? (3)Can stocks be included again once they are excluded from F&O segment? (4)Why have so many securities been added to F&O recently?

Describe the composition and organisation of the High courts. Explain the powers and jurisdiction of the High courts. Appreciate the role of the High courts as protector of fundamental rights. Explain the working of the subordinate

Explain the concept of good governance. Describe the major components or characteristics of good governance like Accountability, openness etc. Discuss major hindrances to good governance like corruption, population growth and culture of violence. Appreciate the role of citizens in the process of good governance. Describe the ways to promote good governance like use of computers, the right to information and citizens Charter. Questions- Discuss the meaning and the concept of good governance. Identify three features of good governance. Explain the importance of accountability in good governance. Discuss the main hindrances to good governance. Describe measures for good governance, the government of India has taken.

Explain the meaning and importance of Fundamental rights Highlight that the dignity of an individual is protected and safe guarded through Fundamental Rights. Recognise that the enforcement of Fundamental Rights is ensured through High Courts and the supreme Court. Explain the Right to equity Recognise the rationale behind protective discrimination in favour of Scheduled Caster and Scheduled Tribes and other backward classes. Describe as well as appreciate the Right to Freedom. Recall the safeguards against deprivation of life and personal liberty except according to the procedure established by law. Explain the Right against Exploitation. Appreciate the Right to Freedom of Religion. Explain Cultural and Educational Rights. Identify the right to Constitutional Remedies. Recall the value to writs that may be issued for the protection of Fundamental rights. Question Explain the importance of Fundamental rights as provided in the Co...

Division of work becomes necessary because of several reasons. In the first place men differ in their  capacity and skills. No two individuals are similar in capacity either physical or mental. They way Different types of tasks require different types of skills either physical or mental. Hence in an organization, division of work in accordance with the capacity of the individuals becomes necessary.                            Divison of work also becomes necessary because the same can't be at two places at the same time. One man can't do two things at the same time.                (Bases of work division) (1) Organisation by purpose (2) Organisation by process (3) Organisation by persons (4) Organisation by place           (Advantages of division of work) (1)In the first place, the efficiency of the organisation wi...

Explain the concept of environmental degradation. Identify various factors causing environmental degradation. Recognise the growing awareness about Environmental degradation. Explain the concept of sustainable development. Recognise the national and international commitment to the protection of Environment. Questions Describe the meaning of environment and environmental degradation. Discuss any two environmental problems. What is sustainable development? explain. Outline the various efforts made by the Indian Government towards creating a better natural environment?