Governance

The resolution on the new world information and communication order,
      Elimination of the imbalances in information flow.
      Elimination of negative effects of monopolies.
      Removal of internal and external obstacles to free and wider flow of information.
      Freedom and responsibilities of journalists.
      Improving the capacity of developing countries to improve their own infrastructures.


The NWICO(New world information and communication order)

Instinctive Behaviour -Unlearned patterned behaviour characteristic of a particular species.

Interpersonal communication-Direct interaction between communicators on a one to one basis or
                         in small groups.

Learned Reflex-Learned or acquired response to a stimulus that normally did not produce the
  response originally.

Object permanence - The understanding that objects or people continue to exist even if hidden from view.

Mass communication-

Organisation and methods(O & M)- An administrative  concept and process by which research, methods
 , engineering, organising, fact finding and related professional advice is provided for management in
  order to establish and maintain optimum efficiency in handling, scrutinising or controlling over
 organisation methods and procedures.

Non-state actors
      (1)NGOs (2)Pressure groups and lobbies (3) People's movements
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-state_actor


Falling tone-If pitch of our voice starts at a higher level and comes down to a lower level, we
        are said to use a falling tone.
       
Risiing tone-If pitch of our voice starts at a lower level and goes up to a higher level, we
        are said to use a Rising tone.


Communal harmony-the process of building peaceful relations between different communities.
       In the indian context, this has meant building inter-cultural dialogues, taking out peace marches
      and educating people about the value of interfaith harmony.

Regional disparities- The social and economic differences between different regions due to problems
    of backwardness and lack of economic growth.

Infrastructural investment - This is money and resources invested in works which sustain industry and agriculture
      . For example, investment in irrigation, power and roads.

Pluralism- this concept implies that a variety of cultures, traditions, religions and ethnic groups
 can co-exist together.

Serendipity - Accidental discoveries, chance discoveries.

Futuristic studies- Studies relating to future directions/patterns.

Capital accumulation-The process by which resources of land, labour and entrepreneurship are put
                    together for industrial development.

Tempero-centrism-The belief that one's own time, the present, or the contemporary are more
    important that the part or future.

Industrial society- A society in which goods are produced primarily through machine-factory methods
     of production.

Population Change- A change in the number of people in a society, or the characterstics of the population
                  such as age or sex.




Functions of communication
  Receiving and conveying information which may be facts, messages or opinions,
     this may take place in disclosures, debates or discussions.
 
  Motivating a person receiving the message, whether through an individual or through
   a medium of mass communication like radio, television, newspapers.

  Providing education and culture, from a class-room situation where knowledge and skills may
    be imparted, to dissemination of culture heritage and values as well as cultivation of artistic
    interests.

  Entertaining, whether for personal or collective enjoyment through public music, drama or sports.

  Influencing opinion to serve certain economic or political interests

Types of status(sociology)
       Achieved status- A position in society gained through personal efforts- an earned point.

       Ascribed status- A status that a person inherits at birth.

Conflict perspective- A perspective, which looks at society at large, with a central premise that society is made up on
                    group who compete, usually with unequal power, for scarce resources.

Functional perspective- A perspective which stresses that society is a system with interdependent
          parts which function to produce stability.

Role conflict-Occurs when an individual occupies more than one social status and conflict of behaviours are expected
          of such individuals.

Role orientation-An emphasis on an aspect of a role by an individual.


Steps to make a wise decision.
  Identify the problem

  Analyse the problem

  Determine possible and available alternatives

  Evaluate the impact of alternatives

  Select the best alternative


If a single individual is the head of the department, it is known as bureasu
 and if department is under a number of persons, it is called a board.

Deparmentalisation helps the chief executive in exercising more effective
   control over administration. This system helps in avoiding conflicts
   of jurisdiction, overlapping of functions, and duplication of plans.
  it brings economy and efficiency in the performance
   institutional or housekepping activeies
 

Good governannce has certain significant characteristics
              Democratic polity

              People's participation

              Effective and efficient administration

              Decentralisation

              Use of informaation technology

              Cooperation between government agencies, private sector and people



Key Characteristics of governance

            Participation
            Rule of law
            Transparency
            Responsiveness
            Equity
            Effectiveness and efficiency
            Accountability

Governance has four main components
            Public sector management
            Accountability
            Legal framework for development
            Transparency and information accessibility


Seven basic functions of government
           Provision of economic infrastructure
           Provision of various collective goods and services
           Resolution and adjustment of group conflicts
           Maintenance of competition
           Protection of natural resources
           Provision for minimum access by individuals to the goods and services of the economy
           stabilisation of the economy

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